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Bioss anti ifn γ
Anti Ifn γ, supplied by Bioss, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 91 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 95 stars, based on 91 article reviews

anti ifn γ - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03

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LPS and IFNγ both generate stimulus-specific de novo enhancers in human macrophages; however, only IFNγ-induced enhancers are durable. (A) Schematic of experimental design: Human macrophages were stimulated with either IFNγ (100 ng/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), or LPS in the presence of 1 µM ruxolitinib for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h. H3K4me1 CUT&Tag was performed at each time point. (B) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within H3K4me1 peaks induced by either LPS or IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (C) Top enriched motifs in clusters from B. (D) Box/whisker plot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within IFNγ-induced peaks before and after cytokine washout. (E) Box/whisker quantifying log2 cpm of reads within LPS-induced peaks before and after cytokine washout. (F) Box/whisker quantifying log2 cpm of reads within peaks induced by both IFNγ and LPS (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01 for each) peaks before and after cytokine washout. (G) Z-scored heatmap of reads within CUT&Tag peaks of only IFNγ-induced peaks before and after cytokine washout. (H) Boxplot of log2 cpm of reads within peaks for each cluster identified in G. (I) Examples of genome browser tracks for each cluster in E. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001.

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: LPS and IFNγ both generate stimulus-specific de novo enhancers in human macrophages; however, only IFNγ-induced enhancers are durable. (A) Schematic of experimental design: Human macrophages were stimulated with either IFNγ (100 ng/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), or LPS in the presence of 1 µM ruxolitinib for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h. H3K4me1 CUT&Tag was performed at each time point. (B) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within H3K4me1 peaks induced by either LPS or IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (C) Top enriched motifs in clusters from B. (D) Box/whisker plot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within IFNγ-induced peaks before and after cytokine washout. (E) Box/whisker quantifying log2 cpm of reads within LPS-induced peaks before and after cytokine washout. (F) Box/whisker quantifying log2 cpm of reads within peaks induced by both IFNγ and LPS (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01 for each) peaks before and after cytokine washout. (G) Z-scored heatmap of reads within CUT&Tag peaks of only IFNγ-induced peaks before and after cytokine washout. (H) Boxplot of log2 cpm of reads within peaks for each cluster identified in G. (I) Examples of genome browser tracks for each cluster in E. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: In some conditions, ruxolitinib (1 μM), CHX (10 μg/ml), anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (hifng-mab7-02; InvivoGen at indicated concentrations for , or 506532; BioLegend, clone B27, RRID:AB_2801092 for all subsequent experiments at a concentration of 10 μM), or IgG1, κ Isotype control antibody (400166; BioLegend, clone MOPC-21, RRID:AB 11146992 at concentration of 10 μM), was spiked into complete RPMI media.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Generated, Whisker Assay

Ruxolitinib blocks LPS and IFNγ-induced Janus kinase signaling. (A) Human macrophages were pre-treated with increasing concentrations of ruxolitinib for 15 min and subsequently stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) or LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3 h. Whole-cell lysate western blots showing effect of ruxolitinib on STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation by each stimulus. Blot is representative of two replicates from separate human donors. (B and C) Quantification of pSTAT2 and (C) pSTAT1 band intensities in A. Source data are available for this figure: .

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ruxolitinib blocks LPS and IFNγ-induced Janus kinase signaling. (A) Human macrophages were pre-treated with increasing concentrations of ruxolitinib for 15 min and subsequently stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) or LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3 h. Whole-cell lysate western blots showing effect of ruxolitinib on STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation by each stimulus. Blot is representative of two replicates from separate human donors. (B and C) Quantification of pSTAT2 and (C) pSTAT1 band intensities in A. Source data are available for this figure: .

Techniques: Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics

IFNγ induces long-lasting transcription factor activity and chromatin accessibility after washout. Macrophages were treated with LPS, IFNγ, and LPS in the presence of ruxolitinib for 8 h, as in . Cells were washed and cultured for an additional 88 h. ATACseq was performed after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout. (A) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within ATAC peaks induced by either LPS or IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (B) Top enriched motifs in clusters from A. (C) Boxplot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within IFNγ-induced ATAC peaks before and after cytokine washout. (D) Boxplot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within LPS-induced ATAC peaks before and after cytokine washout. (E) Boxplot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within ATAC peaks induced by both IFNγ and LPS (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01 for each) peaks before and after cytokine washout. (F) Barplot quantifying percent of transcription factor-bound motifs within STAT1 and IRF1 (IFNγ) and IRF1 and NF-κB (LPS) within induced ATAC peaks in C and D for unstimulated, IFNγ/LPS-stimulated macrophages, and stimulated macrophages 4 days after washout. Motif binding predicted using TOBIAS ATACseq footprinting analysis. Results are average of two technical replicates from a single subject; error bars display standard deviation. (G) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), or IFNβ (10 ng/ml) for 8 h, washed, and then cultured for an additional 66 h. Cells were collected, and whole cell western blotting for phosphorylated STAT1 was performed at the indicated time points. Blot is representative of three replicates from two separate human donors. All box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ****P < 0.0001. Source data are available for this figure: .

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: IFNγ induces long-lasting transcription factor activity and chromatin accessibility after washout. Macrophages were treated with LPS, IFNγ, and LPS in the presence of ruxolitinib for 8 h, as in . Cells were washed and cultured for an additional 88 h. ATACseq was performed after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout. (A) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within ATAC peaks induced by either LPS or IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (B) Top enriched motifs in clusters from A. (C) Boxplot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within IFNγ-induced ATAC peaks before and after cytokine washout. (D) Boxplot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within LPS-induced ATAC peaks before and after cytokine washout. (E) Boxplot quantifying log2 cpm of reads within ATAC peaks induced by both IFNγ and LPS (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01 for each) peaks before and after cytokine washout. (F) Barplot quantifying percent of transcription factor-bound motifs within STAT1 and IRF1 (IFNγ) and IRF1 and NF-κB (LPS) within induced ATAC peaks in C and D for unstimulated, IFNγ/LPS-stimulated macrophages, and stimulated macrophages 4 days after washout. Motif binding predicted using TOBIAS ATACseq footprinting analysis. Results are average of two technical replicates from a single subject; error bars display standard deviation. (G) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), or IFNβ (10 ng/ml) for 8 h, washed, and then cultured for an additional 66 h. Cells were collected, and whole cell western blotting for phosphorylated STAT1 was performed at the indicated time points. Blot is representative of three replicates from two separate human donors. All box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ****P < 0.0001. Source data are available for this figure: .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Cell Culture, Generated, Binding Assay, Footprinting, Standard Deviation, Western Blot, Whisker Assay

Cell surface–bound IFNγ mediates persistent signaling regardless of cytokine manufacturer and can be degraded by trypsinization. (A) Quantification of pSTAT1 intensity normalized to 3H IFNγ in . (B) Human macrophages were treated with Escherichia coli sourced IFNγ purchased from PeproTech and mammalian-sourced IFNγ purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and ACRO. Cells were treated at 100 ng/ml for 8 h, washed, and cultured for an additional 48 h in regular media prior to collection. Cells were collected for immunoblot at the indicated times. Representative blot of duplicates from one human subject. (C) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensity normalized to tubulin at each time point in B. (D) Human A549 airway epithelial cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ, washed, and cultured for an additional 72 h. Cells were collected for immunoblot at the indicated timepoints. Representative blot of two replicates. (E) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensity normalized to tubulin at each time point in D. (F) Human macrophages were treated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and lifted by scraping after incubation with either PBS, 0.5 mM EDTA in PBS, or trypsin. Cells were replated and cultured for an additional 24 h in regular media. Cells were collected for immunoblot at the indicated times. (G) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensity normalized to GAPDH for each condition in F. Statistical tests were determined by single-tailed t test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Source data are available for this figure: .

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell surface–bound IFNγ mediates persistent signaling regardless of cytokine manufacturer and can be degraded by trypsinization. (A) Quantification of pSTAT1 intensity normalized to 3H IFNγ in . (B) Human macrophages were treated with Escherichia coli sourced IFNγ purchased from PeproTech and mammalian-sourced IFNγ purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and ACRO. Cells were treated at 100 ng/ml for 8 h, washed, and cultured for an additional 48 h in regular media prior to collection. Cells were collected for immunoblot at the indicated times. Representative blot of duplicates from one human subject. (C) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensity normalized to tubulin at each time point in B. (D) Human A549 airway epithelial cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ, washed, and cultured for an additional 72 h. Cells were collected for immunoblot at the indicated timepoints. Representative blot of two replicates. (E) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensity normalized to tubulin at each time point in D. (F) Human macrophages were treated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and lifted by scraping after incubation with either PBS, 0.5 mM EDTA in PBS, or trypsin. Cells were replated and cultured for an additional 24 h in regular media. Cells were collected for immunoblot at the indicated times. (G) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensity normalized to GAPDH for each condition in F. Statistical tests were determined by single-tailed t test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Source data are available for this figure: .

Techniques: Cell Culture, Western Blot, Incubation

Cell surface–bound IFNγ mediates persistent JAK/STAT signaling even after cytokine washout. (A) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h, washed, and then cultured in regular media or media containing ruxolitinib (1 µM) or increasing concentrations of anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody for an additional 28 h. Cells were collected, and whole cell western blotting for phosphorylated STAT1 and IRF1 was performed at indicated time points. Representative blot of duplicates from two separate subjects. (B) Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 3 h, washed, and then cultured in either ruxolitinib (1 µM), anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (10 µg/ml), or isotype control antibody (10 µg/ml) for 2 h. Samples were collected at the indicated times for immunoblot. Representative blot of duplicates from two separate subjects. (C) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensities from B. (D) Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and cultured for an additional 88 h in regular media. Supernatants from stimulated macrophages were collected after the 8-h stimulation and 88 h after washout. This supernatant was used to stimulate fresh macrophages for 1 h in the presence/absence of ruxolitinib (1 µM) or anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (10 µg/ml). As a control, fresh macrophages were stimulated with media supplemented with 1 ng/ml IFNγ for 1 h. Representative blot of duplicates from two separate subjects. (E) Macrophages were left in regular media or pre-treated with 10 µg/ml CHX for 15 min and stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 3 h. Treated macrophages were washed and subsequently cultured for 2 h in regular media, media supplemented with 10 µg/ml CHX, or anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (10 µg/ml) and collected for immunoblot. Duplicates from one subject are shown. (F) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensities in E normalized to band intensity of macrophages treated with IFNγ for 3 h. (G) Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and cultured in regular media or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib for 16 h. After 16 h, cells were washed again and cultured in regular media for an additional 24 h. Cells were collected for immunoblot at indicated times. Representative blot of four replicates from two subjects. (H) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensities in G normalized to band intensity of macrophages treated with IFNγ for 3 h. Statistical tests were determined by a single-tailed t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Source data are available for this figure: .

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell surface–bound IFNγ mediates persistent JAK/STAT signaling even after cytokine washout. (A) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h, washed, and then cultured in regular media or media containing ruxolitinib (1 µM) or increasing concentrations of anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody for an additional 28 h. Cells were collected, and whole cell western blotting for phosphorylated STAT1 and IRF1 was performed at indicated time points. Representative blot of duplicates from two separate subjects. (B) Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 3 h, washed, and then cultured in either ruxolitinib (1 µM), anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (10 µg/ml), or isotype control antibody (10 µg/ml) for 2 h. Samples were collected at the indicated times for immunoblot. Representative blot of duplicates from two separate subjects. (C) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensities from B. (D) Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and cultured for an additional 88 h in regular media. Supernatants from stimulated macrophages were collected after the 8-h stimulation and 88 h after washout. This supernatant was used to stimulate fresh macrophages for 1 h in the presence/absence of ruxolitinib (1 µM) or anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (10 µg/ml). As a control, fresh macrophages were stimulated with media supplemented with 1 ng/ml IFNγ for 1 h. Representative blot of duplicates from two separate subjects. (E) Macrophages were left in regular media or pre-treated with 10 µg/ml CHX for 15 min and stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 3 h. Treated macrophages were washed and subsequently cultured for 2 h in regular media, media supplemented with 10 µg/ml CHX, or anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody (10 µg/ml) and collected for immunoblot. Duplicates from one subject are shown. (F) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensities in E normalized to band intensity of macrophages treated with IFNγ for 3 h. (G) Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and cultured in regular media or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib for 16 h. After 16 h, cells were washed again and cultured in regular media for an additional 24 h. Cells were collected for immunoblot at indicated times. Representative blot of four replicates from two subjects. (H) Quantification of pSTAT1 band intensities in G normalized to band intensity of macrophages treated with IFNγ for 3 h. Statistical tests were determined by a single-tailed t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Source data are available for this figure: .

Techniques: Cell Culture, Western Blot, Control

Extracellular IFNγ signaling sustains chromatin accessibility and ISG expression even after cytokine washout. (A) Schematic of experiments: Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and then cultured for an additional 88 h in regular media or media with 1 µM ruxolitinib for an additional 88 h. Cells were collected for ATACseq and RNAseq at the indicated time points. (B) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within ATAC peaks induced by IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01) after 8 h of stimulation for 4 days after washout when cultured in regular media or media with 1 µM ruxolitinib. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (C) Boxplot of log2CPM of reads within each peak for each cluster in B. (D) Heatmap of Log2 fold change in RNAseq reads of genes induced at least fivefold after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation. Log2 fold changes are shown after washout for cells cultured in regular media and media containing 1 µM ruxolitinib. Genes are clustered by persistent level of expression after washout (CPM after wash as percent of CPM at 8-h simulation). (E) Boxplot showing Log2 fold changes of individual genes by cluster in D. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. (F) Macrophages were stimulated and washed as above in A; after washout, cells were cultured in media alone, media with 1 µM ruxolitinib, or 10 µg/ml anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody for 88 h. Cells were collected 88 h after washout, and qPCR was performed for IDO1. Boxplots indicate 2 ΔΔCt normalized to HPRT. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Statistical tests determined by ordinary one way ANOVA. (G) qPCR for IRF1 as in F. ** P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Extracellular IFNγ signaling sustains chromatin accessibility and ISG expression even after cytokine washout. (A) Schematic of experiments: Human macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IFNγ for 8 h, washed, and then cultured for an additional 88 h in regular media or media with 1 µM ruxolitinib for an additional 88 h. Cells were collected for ATACseq and RNAseq at the indicated time points. (B) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within ATAC peaks induced by IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01) after 8 h of stimulation for 4 days after washout when cultured in regular media or media with 1 µM ruxolitinib. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (C) Boxplot of log2CPM of reads within each peak for each cluster in B. (D) Heatmap of Log2 fold change in RNAseq reads of genes induced at least fivefold after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation. Log2 fold changes are shown after washout for cells cultured in regular media and media containing 1 µM ruxolitinib. Genes are clustered by persistent level of expression after washout (CPM after wash as percent of CPM at 8-h simulation). (E) Boxplot showing Log2 fold changes of individual genes by cluster in D. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. (F) Macrophages were stimulated and washed as above in A; after washout, cells were cultured in media alone, media with 1 µM ruxolitinib, or 10 µg/ml anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody for 88 h. Cells were collected 88 h after washout, and qPCR was performed for IDO1. Boxplots indicate 2 ΔΔCt normalized to HPRT. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Statistical tests determined by ordinary one way ANOVA. (G) qPCR for IRF1 as in F. ** P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, RNA sequencing, Generated, Whisker Assay, Standard Deviation

$Macrophages from a second human donor show reversibility of IFNγ-induced chromatin accessibility and de novo enhancers. Human macrophages from a second human subject were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib. ATAC and H3K4me1 CUT&Tag was performed after 8 h of stimulation and 88 h after cytokine washout. (A) Boxplot quantifying log2 fold changes of reads within IFNγ-induced ATAC peaks after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation and after washout for each condition (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). (B) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within ATAC peaks induced IFNγ after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout for each condition. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (C) Boxplot quantifying log2 fold changes of reads within IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 CUT&Tag peaks after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation and after washout for each condition (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). (D) Barplot showing fraction of IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 peaks at 8 h that persist 4 days after washout in each condition. Persistence was defined as L2FC ≥ 0, FDR < 0.01. (E) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within H3K4me1 peaks induced IFNγ after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout for each condition. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (F) Boxplot of log2CPM of reads within each peak for each cluster in E. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ****P < 0.0001.$

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Macrophages from a second human donor show reversibility of IFNγ-induced chromatin accessibility and de novo enhancers. Human macrophages from a second human subject were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib. ATAC and H3K4me1 CUT&Tag was performed after 8 h of stimulation and 88 h after cytokine washout. (A) Boxplot quantifying log2 fold changes of reads within IFNγ-induced ATAC peaks after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation and after washout for each condition (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). (B) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within ATAC peaks induced IFNγ after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout for each condition. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (C) Boxplot quantifying log2 fold changes of reads within IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 CUT&Tag peaks after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation and after washout for each condition (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01). (D) Barplot showing fraction of IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 peaks at 8 h that persist 4 days after washout in each condition. Persistence was defined as L2FC ≥ 0, FDR < 0.01. (E) Heatmap of Z-scored reads within H3K4me1 peaks induced IFNγ after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout for each condition. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (F) Boxplot of log2CPM of reads within each peak for each cluster in E. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ****P < 0.0001.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Generated, Whisker Assay

$Durability of IFNγ-induced de novo enhancers is dependent on continued JAK/STAT signaling by IFNγ. (A) Schematic of experimental design: Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib or 8 µg/ml anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody. H3K4me1 CUT&Tag was performed at each time point. (B) Boxplot quantifying log2 fold changes of reads within IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 CUT&Tag peaks after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation and after washout for each condition. (C) Barplot showing fraction of IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 peaks at 8 h that persist 4 days after washout in each condition. Persistence was defined as L2FC ≥ 0, FDR < 0.01. (D) . Heatmap of Z-scored reads within H3K4me1 peaks induced IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01) after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout for each condition. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (E) Representative genome browser tracks of peaks from each cluster in D. All box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.$

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Durability of IFNγ-induced de novo enhancers is dependent on continued JAK/STAT signaling by IFNγ. (A) Schematic of experimental design: Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib or 8 µg/ml anti-IFNγ neutralizing antibody. H3K4me1 CUT&Tag was performed at each time point. (B) Boxplot quantifying log2 fold changes of reads within IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 CUT&Tag peaks after 8 h of IFNγ stimulation and after washout for each condition. (C) Barplot showing fraction of IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 peaks at 8 h that persist 4 days after washout in each condition. Persistence was defined as L2FC ≥ 0, FDR < 0.01. (D) . Heatmap of Z-scored reads within H3K4me1 peaks induced IFNγ (L2FC > 2, FDR < 0.01) after 8 h of stimulation and 4 days after washout for each condition. Clusters were generated by unsupervised k-means clustering. Each column represents a biological replicate from the same human donor. (E) Representative genome browser tracks of peaks from each cluster in D. All box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Generated, Whisker Assay

IFNγ exposed macrophages exhibit potentiated inflammatory gene expression upon LPS restimulation. (A) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media, or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib, at which time they were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS and cultured for an additional 12 h. RNAseq was performed at each time point. (B) Heatmap of log2 fold change in reads of LPS genes potentiated by IFNγ before treatment. Log2 fold changes are normalized to PBS-treated controls 88 h after washout prior to LPS stimulation (Naïve 0H). Potentiated genes defined as those reaching fivefold increase in reads after LPS stimulation and at least a twofold greater expression in IFNγ pre-treated cells compared with PBS. Genes are clustered by expression level 88 h after IFNγ washout. The top cluster of genes showed L2FC < 0.5 in IFNγ-treated cells compared with PBS treated; the bottom cluster showed L2FC >0.5 compared with PBS trained. (C) Heatmap quantifying extent of IFNγ-induced potentiation. The difference in L2FC for a given genes between PBS and IFNγ treated is quantified for each gene in F. (D) Example of CPM for a potentiated gene that showed basal expression equivalent to that of PBS-treated cells: CSF3 . (E) Example of CPM for a potentiated gene that showed basal expression higher than that of PBS-treated cells: IDO1 . (F) IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 CUT&Tag peaks (as defined in ) were linked to protein-coding genes within ±20 kb of a gene’s TSS. Promoter-proximal (±1 kb of TSS) peaks were excluded from analysis. Analysis was limited to LPS-induced genes. The mean “IFNγ potentiation” of each gene was calculated (defined as the average of the delta log2 fold change for each gene in C between IFNγ-trained and untrained conditions across all time points). The mean IFNγ potentiation value was plotted against the fold change of the enhancer induced 4 days after IFNγ washout. (G) Mean IFNγ potentiation and enhancer fold change in the presence of ruxolitinib as calculated in F.

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: IFNγ exposed macrophages exhibit potentiated inflammatory gene expression upon LPS restimulation. (A) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media, or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib, at which time they were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS and cultured for an additional 12 h. RNAseq was performed at each time point. (B) Heatmap of log2 fold change in reads of LPS genes potentiated by IFNγ before treatment. Log2 fold changes are normalized to PBS-treated controls 88 h after washout prior to LPS stimulation (Naïve 0H). Potentiated genes defined as those reaching fivefold increase in reads after LPS stimulation and at least a twofold greater expression in IFNγ pre-treated cells compared with PBS. Genes are clustered by expression level 88 h after IFNγ washout. The top cluster of genes showed L2FC < 0.5 in IFNγ-treated cells compared with PBS treated; the bottom cluster showed L2FC >0.5 compared with PBS trained. (C) Heatmap quantifying extent of IFNγ-induced potentiation. The difference in L2FC for a given genes between PBS and IFNγ treated is quantified for each gene in F. (D) Example of CPM for a potentiated gene that showed basal expression equivalent to that of PBS-treated cells: CSF3 . (E) Example of CPM for a potentiated gene that showed basal expression higher than that of PBS-treated cells: IDO1 . (F) IFNγ-induced H3K4me1 CUT&Tag peaks (as defined in ) were linked to protein-coding genes within ±20 kb of a gene’s TSS. Promoter-proximal (±1 kb of TSS) peaks were excluded from analysis. Analysis was limited to LPS-induced genes. The mean “IFNγ potentiation” of each gene was calculated (defined as the average of the delta log2 fold change for each gene in C between IFNγ-trained and untrained conditions across all time points). The mean IFNγ potentiation value was plotted against the fold change of the enhancer induced 4 days after IFNγ washout. (G) Mean IFNγ potentiation and enhancer fold change in the presence of ruxolitinib as calculated in F.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Cell Culture, RNA sequencing, Expressing

Sustained JAK/STAT signaling is required for long-term IFNγ-induced potentiated and tolerized gene expression responses. (A) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media, or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib, at which time they were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS and cultured for an additional 6 h. RNAseq was performed at each time point. (B) Heatmap of log2 fold change in reads of LPS-induced genes potentiated by IFNγ treatment. Log2 fold changes are normalized to PBS-treated controls 88 h after washout prior to LPS stimulation (Naïve 0H). Potentiated genes are defined as LPS-induced genes reaching at least fourfold increase for macrophages cultured in ruxolitinib and at least a twofold greater expression in IFNγ pre-treated cells compared with PBS in two contiguous time points. Genes are clustered by expression level 88 h after IFNγ washout: the top cluster of genes showed L2FC < 0.5 in IFNγ-treated cells compared with PBS treated; the bottom cluster showed L2FC >0.5 compared with PBS trained. (C) Heatmap quantifying extent of IFNγ-induced potentiation. The difference in L2FC for a given gene between PBS and IFNγ treated is quantified for each gene in F. (D) Boxplot quantifying difference in L2FC for IFNγ pre-treated and PBS-pre-treated cells at each time point. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ****P < 0.0001. (E) Example of fold change for potentiated gene: CCR7 . (F) Heatmap of log2 fold change in reads of LPS-induced genes tolerized by IFNγ. Tolerance is defined as twofold reduction in transcription in two contiguous time points with IFNγ before treatment and at least fourfold induction by LPS in the presence of ruxolitinib. (G) Heatmap quantifying extent of IFNγ-induced tolerance as in C. (H) Example of fold change for potentiated gene: PTX3 .

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: IFNγ-induced memory in human macrophages is sustained by the durability of cytokine signaling itself

doi: 10.1084/jem.20250976

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sustained JAK/STAT signaling is required for long-term IFNγ-induced potentiated and tolerized gene expression responses. (A) Human macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ (100 ng/ml) for 8 h. Cells were subsequently washed and cultured for an additional 88 h in standard media, or media supplemented with 1 µM ruxolitinib, at which time they were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS and cultured for an additional 6 h. RNAseq was performed at each time point. (B) Heatmap of log2 fold change in reads of LPS-induced genes potentiated by IFNγ treatment. Log2 fold changes are normalized to PBS-treated controls 88 h after washout prior to LPS stimulation (Naïve 0H). Potentiated genes are defined as LPS-induced genes reaching at least fourfold increase for macrophages cultured in ruxolitinib and at least a twofold greater expression in IFNγ pre-treated cells compared with PBS in two contiguous time points. Genes are clustered by expression level 88 h after IFNγ washout: the top cluster of genes showed L2FC < 0.5 in IFNγ-treated cells compared with PBS treated; the bottom cluster showed L2FC >0.5 compared with PBS trained. (C) Heatmap quantifying extent of IFNγ-induced potentiation. The difference in L2FC for a given gene between PBS and IFNγ treated is quantified for each gene in F. (D) Boxplot quantifying difference in L2FC for IFNγ pre-treated and PBS-pre-treated cells at each time point. Box/whisker plots indicate interquartile range and 1.5× interquartile range. Statistical tests were determined by paired Wilcoxon test. ****P < 0.0001. (E) Example of fold change for potentiated gene: CCR7 . (F) Heatmap of log2 fold change in reads of LPS-induced genes tolerized by IFNγ. Tolerance is defined as twofold reduction in transcription in two contiguous time points with IFNγ before treatment and at least fourfold induction by LPS in the presence of ruxolitinib. (G) Heatmap quantifying extent of IFNγ-induced tolerance as in C. (H) Example of fold change for potentiated gene: PTX3 .

Techniques: Gene Expression, Cell Culture, RNA sequencing, Expressing, Whisker Assay

Serum-free culture Serum-free culture modulates effector programs at the single-cell transcriptomic level modulates effector programs at the single-cell transcriptomic level. (A) Volcano plots display differential gene expression between serum-free and serum-containing conditions, highlighting significant upregulation of interferon-related genes in serum-free cultures (log2 fold change vs. log10 adjusted p-value). (B) Heatmap of key cytotoxic and interferon-associated genes across days 0, 7, 10, and 14, comparing serum-free and serum-supplemented conditions. (C, E, G) Violin plots illustrate IFN, cytokine-cytotoxicity and exhaustion module scores across days of incubation and serum conditions. (D, F, H) Boxplots summarize module scores for each donor (n=3), with each point representing an independent donor. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon test.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Human serum influences functional plasticity and transcriptomic landscape of γδ T cells in vitro

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1722590

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum-free culture Serum-free culture modulates effector programs at the single-cell transcriptomic level modulates effector programs at the single-cell transcriptomic level. (A) Volcano plots display differential gene expression between serum-free and serum-containing conditions, highlighting significant upregulation of interferon-related genes in serum-free cultures (log2 fold change vs. log10 adjusted p-value). (B) Heatmap of key cytotoxic and interferon-associated genes across days 0, 7, 10, and 14, comparing serum-free and serum-supplemented conditions. (C, E, G) Violin plots illustrate IFN, cytokine-cytotoxicity and exhaustion module scores across days of incubation and serum conditions. (D, F, H) Boxplots summarize module scores for each donor (n=3), with each point representing an independent donor. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon test.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used for cell surface staining and intracellular staining: anti-human CD107a REA803, anti-human CD14 REA599, anti-human CD19 REA675, anti-human CD27 REA499, anti-human CD3 REA613, anti-human CD45RA REA562, anti-human CD56 REA196, anti-human CD69 REA824, anti-human Granzyme B REA226, anti-human HLA/DR REA805, anti-human IFNγ 45-15, anti-human KIR2D REA1042, anti-human NKG2D REA797, anti-human PD-1 REA1165, anti-human Perforin REA1061, anti-human REA Control (I) REA293, anti-human REA Control (S) REA293, anti-human TCR Vδ1 REA173, anti-human TCR Vδ2 REA771, anti-human TCR γδ REA591, anti-human TIGIT REA1004, and anti-human TIM3 F38-2E2 (all from Miltenyi Biotec).

Techniques: Single Cell, Gene Expression, Incubation

Impact of serum on γδ T cell cytokine and cytotoxic granules production and secretion. (A, B) Intracellular cytokine staining of γδ T cells alone (effector cells) or cocultured with the target cells MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, showing (A) the population of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ γδ T cells as a proportion of total γδ T cells, and (B) the MFI of GzmB+ and PFN+ γδ T cells. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=9. (C) Concentrations of cytokines and cytotoxic granules in the supernatant of γδ T cells cocultured with MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-157. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=5 for MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468; n=3 for MDA-MB-157. In the figures, the significance levels denoted by stars are as follows: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns = non-significant. Different symbols represent different donors.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Human serum influences functional plasticity and transcriptomic landscape of γδ T cells in vitro

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1722590

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of serum on γδ T cell cytokine and cytotoxic granules production and secretion. (A, B) Intracellular cytokine staining of γδ T cells alone (effector cells) or cocultured with the target cells MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, showing (A) the population of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ γδ T cells as a proportion of total γδ T cells, and (B) the MFI of GzmB+ and PFN+ γδ T cells. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=9. (C) Concentrations of cytokines and cytotoxic granules in the supernatant of γδ T cells cocultured with MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-157. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=5 for MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468; n=3 for MDA-MB-157. In the figures, the significance levels denoted by stars are as follows: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns = non-significant. Different symbols represent different donors.

Techniques: Staining

Impact of re-exposure to serum on γδ T cell functionality. γδ T cells expanded without serum were re-exposed to serum in the last two days of culture and then co-cultured with GFP and luciferase-expressing MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, or MDA-MB-157 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines to compare their functionality with cells expanded in serum or cells not re-exposed to serum. (A) Luciferase-based assay at different E:T ratios after 24h co-culture. One representative donor. (B) Luciferase-based assay at a 5:1 E:T ratio after 24h co-culture. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=5. (C) Measurement of CD107a expression on γδ T cells alone (effector cells) or in co-culture for 2h. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=6. (D, E) Intracellular cytokine staining of γδ T cells alone (effector cells) or cocultured with the target cells MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, showing (D) the population of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ γδ T cells as a proportion of total γδ T cells, and (E) the MFI of GzmB+ and PFN+ γδ T cells. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=6. (F) Concentrations of cytokines and cytotoxic granules in the supernatant of γδ T cells cocultured with MDA-MB-231 (n=5), MDA-MB-468 (n=5), and MDA-MB-157 (n=3). Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. In the figures, the significance levels denoted by stars are as follows: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns = non-significant. Different symbols represent different donors.

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Human serum influences functional plasticity and transcriptomic landscape of γδ T cells in vitro

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1722590

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of re-exposure to serum on γδ T cell functionality. γδ T cells expanded without serum were re-exposed to serum in the last two days of culture and then co-cultured with GFP and luciferase-expressing MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, or MDA-MB-157 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines to compare their functionality with cells expanded in serum or cells not re-exposed to serum. (A) Luciferase-based assay at different E:T ratios after 24h co-culture. One representative donor. (B) Luciferase-based assay at a 5:1 E:T ratio after 24h co-culture. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=5. (C) Measurement of CD107a expression on γδ T cells alone (effector cells) or in co-culture for 2h. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=6. (D, E) Intracellular cytokine staining of γδ T cells alone (effector cells) or cocultured with the target cells MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, showing (D) the population of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ γδ T cells as a proportion of total γδ T cells, and (E) the MFI of GzmB+ and PFN+ γδ T cells. Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, n=6. (F) Concentrations of cytokines and cytotoxic granules in the supernatant of γδ T cells cocultured with MDA-MB-231 (n=5), MDA-MB-468 (n=5), and MDA-MB-157 (n=3). Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. In the figures, the significance levels denoted by stars are as follows: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns = non-significant. Different symbols represent different donors.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Luciferase, Expressing, Co-Culture Assay, Staining

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